|
 |
|
CASE REPORT |
|
|
|
| Year : 2012 | Volume
: 17
| Issue : 1 | Page : 28-30 |
| |
Choledochocele: An unusual presentation in a premature neonate
Shivaji Mane, Jamir Arlikar, Nitin Dhende
Department of Pediatric Surgery, Grant Medical College and Sir JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India
| Date of Web Publication | 22-Dec-2011 |
Correspondence Address:
Shivaji Mane
Ward 41, B J Building, JJ Hospital, Byculla, Mumbai - 400 008
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0971-9261.91084
 Abstract | | |
Choledochocele in a premature neonate who presented with obstructive jaundice and was managed surgically is reported. At 1-year follow-up, the child is asymptomatic.
Keywords: Choledochocele, duodenotomy, obstructive jaundice
How to cite this article:
Mane S, Arlikar J, Dhende N. Choledochocele: An unusual presentation in a premature neonate. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2012;17:28-30 |
How to cite this URL:
Mane S, Arlikar J, Dhende N. Choledochocele: An unusual presentation in a premature neonate. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg [serial online] 2012 [cited 2023 Dec 10];17:28-30. Available from: https://www.jiaps.com/text.asp?2012/17/1/28/91084 |
| Introduction | |  |
Choledochocele is a rare entity, particularly in premature neonates. Very few reports have been published in the English literature on this condition in infants. It is more common after the age of 5 years. A thorough search of literature did not reveal a single report in premature neonate.
| Case Report | | |
A premature, 34-week-old, 930 g, male neonate was born by cesarean section to a hypothyroid mother. The first one month was complicated by hypoglycemia, seizures and low hemoglobin. The patient was on breast milk and also supplements. He had physiological jaundice on day 3 of life which required phototherapy. After phototherapy, his bilirubin was 4.6 mg% out of which direct component was 1.2 mg%. At the age of one and half months, the patient passed clay-colored stool and was icteric. It was negative for stercobilinogen. His obstructive jaundice work up showed raised bilirubin of 9.5 mg% with direct bilirubin of 6.5 mg% and raised alkaline phosphatase 1020 IU. The ultrasonography had normal biliary tract with no dilatation of biliary radicals. Common bile duct diameter was 4 mm. At this point, surgical opinion was sought by the pediatrician. Hepatobiliary imino-diacetic acid (HIDA) scan was not conclusive as there was uptake by liver as well as early excretion, but there was no progress of dye in the intestine during 24 hours. So, exploratory laparotomy was done keeping in mind about the biliary hypoplasia or inspissated bile syndrome.
The patient's weight was 1.2 kg when he was taken for surgery. Gallbladder was distended and there was bile on aspiration. The extrahepatic biliary apparatus was normal. Intraoperative cholangiogram suggested dye was going in the pancreatic duct, but there was no dye in the intestine with terminal dilatation of CBD [Figure 1]. After kocherization, longitudinal duodenotomy was done in the second part of duodenum. On duodenotomy, there was choledochocele of size of less than 1 cm in diameter [Figure 2]. A vertical incision was taken on the cyst. There was gush of bile [Figure 3]. Because of very small choledochocele, we were not able to excise the mucosal lining of the cyst nor were we able to suture incised edges and take biopsy of the wall. Also, we could not identify opening of pancreatic duct. On table cholangiogram confirmed the presence of dye in the intestine [Figure 4]. Later, duodenotomy was closed. The postoperative period was uneventful. His bilirubin after 2 weeks of surgery was normal and stool was normal looking. A follow-up HIDA scan after 6 months had good uptake and free flow of dye in the intestine. At 12 months follow-up, the child was asymptomatic and thriving.
| Discussion | | |
According to Todani et al[1],[2],[3] classification based on cholangiogram, a choledochocele was classified as type III. The common age in pediatric patients is around 5 years where the child presents with pain in abdomen. Manning and associates [4] reviewed 40 cases of choledochocele and described two main anatomic variants. In the most frequent form, common bile duct and pancreatic duct open separately in the intraduodenal choledochocele, whereas in the less frequent form, choledochocele is the diverticulum arising from the terminal end of common bile duct at the end of ampulla of Vater and pancreatic duct opens at its usual position. Mostly, it is diagnosed on ultrasonography where one can see a cystic mass inside the lumen of duodenum. In adults, upper gastrointestinal (GI) studies show radiolucency because of choledochocele.
Another important investigation is magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). Chen et al., [5] have proved its application even in infants where free breathing cholangiography was done at the end of expiration. In our case, due to technical and financial restraints, we were not able to do MRCP. But MRCP gives good anatomy and diagnosis.
Current established management of choledochocele is endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Even in pediatric age group, the management that has been advised is ERCP whenever facilities are available as it is diagnostic as well as therapeutic. Wilkinson et al., [6] have done duodenoscopy in very small infant using 7.5 mm duodenoscope. As duodenoscope of this size was not available, we had no other choice than to go for open procedure. Suggested management [7] in open procedure is unroofing of the cyst beginning at the aperture and then reapproximation of mucosa with multiple interrupted absorbable sutures. Also, it is important to identify and calibrate the entry points of common bile duct and pancreatic duct to determine whether sphincteroplasty is necessary or not. But in our case this was practically not possible. Sphincteroplasty is necessary in many cases as the duct opening is narrow owing to chronic inflammation. If no internal drainage procedure can be done, then on rare occasion one may require pancreaticoduodenectomy.
Histopathologic feature of choledochocele is presence of biliary mucosa. But there is frequent observation of presence of duodenal mucosa on the inner lining of the choledochocele, which suggests a congenital duodenal anomaly. [8],[9],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16],[17],[18],[19],[20],[21],[22],[23],[24] Also, for this reason, existence of congenital and acquired choledochocele has been hypothesized. [14] In our case, we were not able to take the biopsy.
As in any case of choledochal cyst, there is high chance of malignancy in non-operated case of choledochocele. Ohtsuka et al., [9] from Japan in 2001, reviewed their data of 11 choledochoceles with prevalence of 27% of periampullary carcinoma, which was significantly higher than those without choledochocele. While Mehmet et al., [9] are of the view that after ERCP with sphincterotomy, there is low malignancy risk because of regression of cyst, and they think follow-up is safe after sphincterotomy. On the other hand, it has been reported in some of the publications that resolution of the cyst can occur after sphincterotomy through ease of biliary and pancreatic drainage. [10],[11] The overall risk of malignancy is thought to be much lower in choledochocele, which is 2.5%. [12],[20]
| Conclusion | | |
Though rare, one should suspect choledochocele whenever dye is not progressing in the intestine in delayed images of HIDA in cases of obstructive jaundice. A simple incision on choledochocele relieves obstructive symptoms with the result confirmed immediately by doing intraoperative cholangiogram. However, long-term follow-up is necessary to know the efficacy of this procedure.
| References | | |
| 1. | Todani T, Watanabe Y, Narusue M, Tabuchi K, Okajima K. Congenital Bile duct cyst: Classification, operative procedures and review of 37 cases including cancer arising from choledochal cyst. Am J Surg 1977;134:263-9. 
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 2. | Todani T, Watanabe Y, Toki A, Ogura K, Wang ZQ. Co-existing Biliary anomalies and anatomical variants in choledochocal cyst. Br J Surg 1998;85:760-3.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 3. | Babbitt DP. Congenital choledochal cyst: New etiological concept based on anomalous relationships of the common bile duct and pancreatic bulb. Ann Radiol (Paris)1969;12:231-40.
[PUBMED] |
| 4. | Manning PB, Polley TZ, Oldham KT. Choledochocele: An unusual form of choledochal cyst. Pediatric Surg Int 1990;5:22-6.
|
| 5. | Chen JH, Chai JW, Chu WC, Chang JM, Shen WC, Lee SK. Free breathing cholangiography at end expiration: A new technique to expand clinical application. Hepatogastroenterology 2002;49:593-6.
[PUBMED] |
| 6. | Wilkinson M, Mieli-Vergani G, Ball C, Portmann B, Mowat AP. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in infantile cholestasis. Arch Dis Child 1991;66:121-3.
|
| 7. | Grosfeld JL, O'Neill JA Jr, Fonkalsrud E. Pediatric Surgery. 6 th ed., vol. 1, Ch. 104.; St. Louis Mosby, 2006. p. 1629.
|
| 8. | Sarris GE, Tsang D. Choledochocele: Case report, literature review, and a proposed classification. Surgery 1989;105:408-14.
[PUBMED] |
| 9. | Ohtsuka T, Inoue K, Ohuchida J, Nabae T, Takahata S, Niiyama H, et al. Carcinoma arising in choledochocele. Endoscopy 2001;33:614-9.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 10. | Zheng LX, Jia HB, Wu DQ, Shang H, Zhong XY, Wang QS, et al. Experience of congenital choledochal cyst in adults: Treatment, surgical procedures and clinical outcome in the second affiliated hospital of Harbin Medical University. J Korean Med Sci 2004;19:842-7.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 11. | Akkiz H, Colakoðlu SO, Ergün Y, Demiryürek H, Akinoðlu A, Tuncer I, et al . Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the diagnosis and management of choledochal cysts. HPB Surg1997;10:211-8; discussion 218-9.
|
| 12. | Ladas SD, Katsogridakis I, Tassios P, Tastemiroglou T, Vrachliotis T, Raptis SA. Choledochocele, an overlooked diagnosis: Report of 15 cases and review of 56 reports from 1984 to 1992. Endoscopy 1995;27:233-9.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 13. | Martin RF, Bider BP, Bosco JJ, Howell DA. Symptomatic choledochoceles in adults. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography recognition and management. Arch Surg 1992;127:536-9.
|
| 14. | Venu RP, Geenen JE, Hogan WJ, Dodds WJ, Wilson SW, Stewart ET, et al. Role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the diagnosis and treatment of choledochocele. Gastroenterology 1984;87:1144-9.
[PUBMED] |
| 15. | Yamaguchi M. Congenital choledochal cyst-Analysis of 1433 patients in the Japanese literature. Am J Surg 1980;140:653-7.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 16. | Elton E, Hanson BL, Biber BP, Howell DA. Dilated common channel syndrome: Endoscopic diagnosis, treatment, and relationship to choledochocele formation. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;47:471-8.
[PUBMED] |
| 17. | Masetti R, Antinori A, Coppola R, Coco C, Mattana C, Crucitti A, et al. Choledochocele: Changing trends in diagnosis and management. Surg Today 1996;26:281-5.
[PUBMED] |
| 18. | Chatila R, Anderson DK, Topazean M. Endoscopic resection of a choledochocele. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;50:578-80.
|
| 19. | Horaguchi J, Fujita N, Kobayashi G, Noda Y, Ito K, Takasawa O. Clinical study of choledochocele: Is it a risk factor for biliary malignancies? J Gastroenterol 2005;40:396-401.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 20. | Ando K, Miyano T, Kohno S, Takamizawa S, Lane G. Spontaneous perforation of choledochal cyst: A study of 13 cases. Eur J Pediatr Surg 1998;8:23-5.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 21. | Kagiyama S, Okazaki K, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto Y. Anatomic variants of choledochocele and manometric measurements of pressure in the cele and orifice zone. Am J Gastroenterol 1987;82:6419.
|
| 22. | Kamisawa T, Yoshiike M, Egawa N, Tsuruta K, Okamoto A, Matsukawa M. Classification of choledochocele. Hepatogastroenterology 2005;52:29-32.
[PUBMED] |
| 23. | Kianmanesh R, Regimbeau JM, Belghiti J. Pancreato-biliary maljunctions and congenital cystic dilatation of the bile ducts in adults. J Chir (Paris) 2001;138:196-204.
|
| 24. | Spier LN, Crystal K, Kase DJ, Fagelman D, Spier N. Choledochocele: Newer concepts of origin and diagnosis. Surgery 1995;117:476-8.
[PUBMED] |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Open surgical treatment of choledochocele in a two years old child |
|
| Dania Bouguermouh, Toufik Kentouri | | Journal of Pediatric Surgery Case Reports. 2022; 78: 102188 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Choledochoceles in children: The elephant abnormality |
|
| Athanasios Tyraskis, Erica Makin, Mark Davenport | | Journal of Pediatric Surgery Case Reports. 2022; 85: 102434 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
|
|
|
