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CASE REPORT |
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| Year : 2012 | Volume
: 17
| Issue : 1 | Page : 23-25 |
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Spectrum of human tails: A report of six cases
Biswanath Mukhopadhyay1, Ram M Shukla1, Madhumita Mukhopadhyay2, Kartik C Mandal1, Pankaj Haldar1, Abhijit Benare1
1 Department of Pediatric Surgery, N R S Medical College, Kolkata, India
2 Department of Pathology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| Date of Web Publication | 22-Dec-2011 |
Correspondence Address:
Biswanath Mukhopadhyay
7E, Dinobandhu Mukherjee Lane, Sibpur, Howrah - 711 102, West Bengal
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0971-9261.91082
 Abstract | | |
Human tail is a curiosity, a cosmetic stigma and presents as an appendage in the lumbosacral region. Six patients of tail in the lumbosacral region are presented here to discuss the spectrum of presentation of human tails. The embryology, pathology and treatment of this entity are discussed along with a brief review of the literature.
Keywords: Human tail, lipomyelomeningocele, sacrococcygeal teratoma, spina bifida
How to cite this article:
Mukhopadhyay B, Shukla RM, Mukhopadhyay M, Mandal KC, Haldar P, Benare A. Spectrum of human tails: A report of six cases. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2012;17:23-5 |
How to cite this URL:
Mukhopadhyay B, Shukla RM, Mukhopadhyay M, Mandal KC, Haldar P, Benare A. Spectrum of human tails: A report of six cases. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg [serial online] 2012 [cited 2023 Jun 9];17:23-5. Available from: https://www.jiaps.com/text.asp?2012/17/1/23/91082 |
| Introduction | |  |
Human tails are a rare entity. The birth of a baby with a tail can cause tremendous psychological disturbance to the parents. They are usually classified as true and pseudo tails. [1] Tails are usually associated with occult spinal dysraphism. [2] Isolated case reports of various types of human tails have been described in the literature. [3] We are presenting our experience of six cases of tails in infants.
| Case Report | | |
The age range of patients varied from 3 days to 2 years. The male to female ratio was 2:1. The family history was not significant in any of the patients. The antenatal history of the mothers was normal. There was no movement or contraction of tails in our patients. The main features and imaging findings of six patients have been summarised in [Table 1]. The plain radiographs showed spina bifida in three patients at L 5 and S 1.
Other than patient number 5 (lumbar lipomeningomyelocele), all other patients underwent surgical excision. An elliptical incision was made encircling the base of the appendage. No connection with the spine was seen. The patient with meningocele had formal repair of the meningocele. A complete excision of the sacrococcygeal teratoma was done. The postoperative result was excellent. The parents of patient number 5 refused to give consent for the operation and the patient was lost to follow-up.
On histopathological examination, the specimen of sacrococcygeal teratoma showed mature tissues that included bones, cartilage, fat and neural tissues, whereas other tails showed mature adipose tissue, blood vessels and nerves.
| Discussion | | |
A "vestigial tail" describes a remnant of a structure found in embryonic life or in ancestral forms. [4] During the 5 th to 6 th week of intrauterine life, the human embryo has a tail with 10-12 vertebrae. By 8 weeks, the human tail disappears. The persistent tail probably arises from the distal nonvertebrate remnant of the embryonic tail. [5] True human tail arises from the most distal remnant of the embryonic tail. It contains adipose tissue, connective tissue, central bundles of striated muscle, blood vessels and nerves and is covered by skin. Bone, cartilage, notochord and spinal cord are lacking. It can move and contract and occurs twice as often in males as in females. None of our patients showed any movement of the tail. Unlike the tail of other vertebrates, human tails do not contain vertebral structures. Only one case has been reported with vertebra in human tail. [6] A true tail is easily removed surgically, without residual effects. It is rarely familial. [1] Pseudo tails have got superficial resemblance to true tails. They are anomalous prolongation of the coccygeal vertebrae. The additional lesions found with pseudo tails are lipomas, teratomas, chondromegaly and gliomas, and there may be elongated parasitic fetus. [1] Human tail usually occurs in the lumbosacral region, but it has also been reported in the cervical region. [7] Teratoma in the human tail has also been reported. [8] In a review series of 48 skin-covered lumbosacral masses, 25% had lumbosacral and sacrococcygeal teratomas. [9] In our series, we had only one patient with tail in sacrococcygeal teratoma.
The preoperative assessment includes a complete clinical examination including neurology, plain radiographs of the spine and computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. An occult spinal lesion has been reported in around 50% of the cases. [2] In another review by Lu, 20% of the cases are associated with either meningocele or spina bifida occulta. [10] Other than the patient of lipomyelomeningocele, none of our patients showed intraspinal lesion.[Figure 1],[Figure 2],[Figure 3],[Figure 4],[Figure 5],[Figure 6].
| References | | |
| 1. | Dao AH, Netsky MG. Human tails and pseudo tails. Hum Pathol 1984;15:449-53. 
[PUBMED] |
| 2. | Singh DK, Kumar B, Sinha VD, Bagaria HR. The human tail: A rare lesion with a occult spinal dysraphism- A case report. J Pediatr Surg 2008;43:E41-3.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 3. | Chakrabortty S, Oi S, Yoshida Y, Yamada H, Yamaguchi M, Tamaki N, et al. Myelomeningocele and thick filum terminale with tethered cord appearing as a human tail. J Neurosurg 1993;78:966-9.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 4. | Belzberg AJ, Myles ST, Trevner CL. The human tail and spinal dysraphism. J Pediatr Surg 1991;26:1243-5.
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| 5. | Zimmer EZ, Bronshtein M. Early sonographic findings suggestive of human fetal tail. Prenat Diagn 1996;16:360-2.
[PUBMED] |
| 6. | Kabra NS, Srinivasan G, Udani RH. True tail in a neonate. Indian Pediatr 1999;36:712-3.
[PUBMED] |
| 7. | Mohindra S. The 'human tail' causing tethered cervical cord. Spinal Cord 2007;45:583-5.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 8. | Park SH, Huh JS, Cho KH, Shin YS, Kim SH, Ahn YH, et al. Teratoma in human tail lipoma. Pediatr Neurosurg 2005;41:158-61.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 9. | Mc Lone DG, Naidich TP. Terminal myelocystocele. Neurosurgery 1985;16:36-43.
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| 10. | Lu FL, Wang PJ, Teng RJ, Yau KI. The human tail. Pediatr Neurol 1998;19:230-3.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6]
[Table 1]
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